Choosing the right solar company is one of the most important decisions you’ll make as a homeowner. With solar installations representing a $25,000-$40,000 investment that will impact your home for decades, asking the right questions to ask solar companies can save you thousands of dollars and prevent costly mistakes.
The solar industry has experienced explosive growth, with US installations increasing by 55% in the first half of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, with solar installations more than doubling in 2024 compared to 2022. While this growth brings more options and competitive pricing, it has also attracted unscrupulous companies looking to take advantage of uninformed consumers. Consumer fraud complaints have increased significantly in recent years, with regulators observing an increase in complaints about unscrupulous companies that pressure consumers into predatory contracts, making due diligence more critical than ever.
This comprehensive guide provides you with 50+ essential questions organized into key categories, helping you evaluate solar companies like a pro and avoid the red flags that signal potential scams or poor service.
Why Asking the Right Questions Is Crucial for Solar Success
Solar panel installations are complex projects involving electrical work, structural modifications, permitting, utility coordination, and long-term performance guarantees. A single mistake during installation can lead to:
- Roof damage and water leaks
- Electrical hazards and fire risks
- Voided warranties and insurance claims
- Poor system performance and reduced savings
- Difficulty selling your home
- Legal disputes and financial losses
The solar industry has seen a surge in door-to-door sales tactics, high-pressure marketing, and companies that disappear after installation. By asking detailed questions and carefully evaluating responses, you can identify reputable installers and avoid costly mistakes.
Pre-Consultation Preparation: Questions to Ask Yourself First
Before contacting solar companies, prepare yourself with these foundational questions to ensure productive conversations:
Understanding Your Energy Usage and Goals
- What is my average monthly electricity usage in kilowatt-hours (kWh)?
- Do I plan to add electric vehicles, pools, or other high-energy appliances?
- Am I looking to offset 100% of my electricity usage or a specific percentage?
- What is my primary motivation: cost savings, environmental impact, or energy independence?
Roof Condition and Home Suitability Assessment
- When was my roof last replaced or inspected?
- What is the age and condition of my electrical panel?
- Are there any structural issues or planned renovations?
- Do I have adequate south-facing roof space without shading?
Budget and Financing Readiness
- What is my available budget for upfront costs?
- Do I qualify for the federal solar tax credit and local incentives?
- Would I prefer to buy, lease, or finance my solar system?
- What monthly payment would fit comfortably in my budget?
Local Regulations and HOA Considerations
- Does my homeowner’s association allow solar installations?
- Are there local zoning restrictions or architectural requirements?
- What permits will be required for my installation?
- Are there utility-specific interconnection requirements?
Company Credentials & Experience: Vetting Your Solar Installer
The solar company you choose will be responsible for a major investment in your home. These questions help you evaluate their qualifications and track record:
Business Longevity and Local Presence
- How long has your company been in business? Look for companies with at least 3-5 years of operating history. The solar industry has seen many fly-by-night operators.
- Where is your company headquartered and do you have local offices? Local presence indicates commitment to the community and easier access for service.
- How many solar installations have you completed in my area? Local experience means familiarity with permitting, utilities, and regional challenges.
- What is your company’s annual installation volume? This indicates stability and buying power for better equipment pricing.
Licensing, Bonding, and Insurance Verification
- What licenses does your company hold? Verify electrical contractor licenses, general contractor licenses, and any solar-specific certifications.
- Can you provide proof of current insurance coverage? Ensure they carry general liability, workers’ compensation, and professional liability insurance.
- Are you bonded? Bonding provides additional financial protection if the company fails to complete work properly.
- What is your state contractor license number? Verify this information with your state’s licensing board.
NABCEP Certification and Technician Qualifications
- Do you have NABCEP-certified installers on staff? The North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners sets industry standards for solar professionals.
- Will a NABCEP-certified professional oversee my installation? This ensures quality control and adherence to best practices.
- What ongoing training do your technicians receive? The solar industry evolves rapidly, requiring continuous education.
- How do you ensure consistent installation quality across all crews? Look for standardized procedures and quality control measures.
Installation Volume and Customer References
- Can you provide references from recent customers in my area? Speak with at least 3-5 recent customers about their experience.
- What is your customer satisfaction rating? Check Better Business Bureau ratings, Google reviews, and solar industry review sites.
- How do you handle customer complaints? A clear complaint resolution process indicates professionalism.
- Can I visit a recent installation to see your work quality? Reputable companies are proud to show their installations.
Better Business Bureau Ratings and Complaint History
- What is your BBB rating and complaint history? Check for patterns of unresolved complaints or recurring issues.
- How do you respond to negative reviews? Professional responses to criticism show accountability.
- Are there any pending legal actions against your company? Check court records for lawsuits or liens.
- What industry associations do you belong to? Membership in SEIA, ASES, or local solar associations indicates professionalism.
Subcontractor Relationships and Quality Control
- Do you use subcontractors for any part of the installation? Many companies subcontract electrical or roofing work.
- How do you vet and manage subcontractors? Ensure they maintain the same standards as the primary company.
- Who is responsible if subcontractors cause damage or problems? The primary contractor should take full responsibility.
- Will the same crew complete my entire installation? Consistency reduces communication errors and quality issues.
Equipment & Technology: Understanding Your Solar Components
Solar equipment represents the heart of your investment. Understanding the components and their quality is crucial for long-term performance:
Solar Panel Types, Brands, and Efficiency Ratings
- What solar panel brands and models do you recommend for my home? Look for Tier 1 manufacturers with strong financial stability.
- What is the efficiency rating of the proposed panels? Higher efficiency panels produce more power in limited space but cost more.
- Are these monocrystalline, polycrystalline, or thin-film panels? Monocrystalline panels typically offer the best efficiency and longevity.
- How do these panels perform in high temperatures? Temperature coefficients affect performance in hot climates.
- What is the expected degradation rate over 25 years? Quality panels degrade less than 0.5% annually.
Inverter Options and Performance
- Do you recommend string inverters, microinverters, or power optimizers? Each has advantages depending on your roof layout and shading conditions.
- What are the pros and cons of each inverter type for my situation? Consider factors like shading, roof complexity, and monitoring capabilities.
- What is the warranty period for the inverters? String inverters typically have 10-12 year warranties, while microinverters offer 20-25 years.
- How will inverter replacement be handled if needed? Understand the process and costs for future replacements.
Battery Storage Compatibility and Recommendations
- Is the proposed system compatible with battery storage? Ensure future expandability if you want to add batteries later.
- What battery options do you recommend? Consider capacity, chemistry, warranty, and integration capabilities.
- How much would it cost to add battery storage now versus later? Adding batteries during initial installation is typically more cost-effective.
- What backup capabilities would a battery system provide? Understand which circuits would be backed up during outages.
Monitoring System Capabilities
- What monitoring system comes with the installation? Real-time monitoring helps identify performance issues quickly.
- Can I monitor individual panel performance? Panel-level monitoring helps identify specific problems.
- How do I access monitoring data? Look for user-friendly apps and web interfaces.
- Will you monitor system performance proactively? Some companies offer monitoring services to alert you to issues.
Equipment Warranties and Manufacturer Support
- What warranties come with each component? Understand coverage periods and what’s included for panels, inverters, and other equipment.
- Who handles warranty claims – you or the manufacturer? Company-handled warranties provide better customer service.
- What happens if a manufacturer goes out of business? Look for insurance backing or company guarantees.
- Are warranties transferable if I sell my home? Transferable warranties add value for future buyers.
American-Made vs. Imported Equipment Considerations
- What percentage of the equipment is manufactured in the United States? American-made equipment may qualify for additional tax credits.
- Do you offer American-made equipment options? Companies like First Solar and others manufacture domestically.
- What are the cost and performance differences? American-made equipment often costs more but may offer better warranties and support.
- How do tariffs affect equipment pricing? Import tariffs can significantly impact system costs.
Financial & Pricing: Understanding the True Cost
Solar pricing can be complex, with various financing options and hidden costs. These questions help you understand the true financial picture:
Total System Cost Breakdown
- What is the total installed cost per watt? This standardized metric allows easy comparison between companies.
- Can you provide an itemized breakdown of all costs? Look for equipment, labor, permits, interconnection fees, and markup.
- What is included in the base price? Ensure permits, inspections, and basic monitoring are included.
- Are there any additional fees not included in the quoted price? Watch for surprise charges for electrical upgrades, trenching, or other work.
- How does your pricing compare to local and national averages? Extremely low or high prices should raise red flags.
Federal, State, and Local Incentive Eligibility
- What incentives am I eligible for? The federal tax credit, state rebates, and local programs can significantly reduce costs.
- How do you help me claim these incentives? Some companies assist with paperwork and documentation.
- What happens if incentive programs change? Understand how policy changes might affect your investment.
- Do you offer incentive assignment programs? Some companies will purchase your tax credits if you can’t use them.
Net Metering Policies and Utility Interconnection
- What are the current net metering policies in my area? These policies determine how much you’re paid for excess solar production.
- How might net metering change in the future? Policy changes can significantly impact long-term savings.
- What are the utility interconnection requirements and costs? Some utilities charge fees for connecting solar systems.
- How long does the interconnection process typically take? Delays can postpone when your system starts producing savings.
Financing Options Comparison
- What financing options do you offer? Compare cash purchase, solar loans, leases, and power purchase agreements.
- What are the interest rates and terms for solar loans? Rates can vary significantly based on credit score and loan terms.
- How do different financing options affect my total cost? Loans and leases have different long-term financial implications.
- Can I prepay or refinance the loan? Flexibility in loan terms can save money over time.
Hidden Fees and Additional Costs
- Are there any fees for system monitoring? Some companies charge monthly fees for monitoring services.
- What does system maintenance cost? Understand ongoing maintenance requirements and costs.
- Are there penalties for early loan payoff? Some solar loans include prepayment penalties.
- What happens if I need electrical panel upgrades? Older homes may require expensive electrical upgrades.
Energy Production Guarantees and Savings Projections
- Do you guarantee the system’s energy production? Production guarantees provide financial protection if the system underperforms.
- What assumptions are used in savings calculations? Understand electricity rate escalation assumptions and usage projections.
- How accurate are your production estimates? Ask about the methodology and historical accuracy of estimates.
- What happens if the system doesn’t meet projections? Look for performance guarantees with financial remedies.
Utility Rate Escalation Assumptions
- What utility rate increases are assumed in savings calculations? Escalation rates significantly impact long-term savings projections.
- How do these assumptions compare to historical rate increases? Verify that assumptions are realistic based on past trends.
- What happens if utility rates don’t increase as projected? Understand how this affects your return on investment.
- Are there scenarios where solar might not save money? Honest companies will discuss potential risks and limitations.
Installation Process: What to Expect
Understanding the installation process helps set proper expectations and identify potential issues:
Timeline from Contract to Activation
- What is the typical timeline from contract signing to system activation? Most installations take 1-3 months depending on permitting and utility processes.
- What factors might delay the installation? Weather, permit delays, and utility scheduling can affect timelines.
- How will you communicate progress updates? Regular communication helps manage expectations and address issues.
- What happens if the project is significantly delayed? Look for compensation or cancellation options for excessive delays.
Permitting and Inspection Responsibilities
- Who handles permit applications and fees? Reputable companies handle all permitting as part of their service.
- What inspections are required? Typically includes structural, electrical, and final inspections.
- Who schedules and coordinates inspections? The installer should manage all inspection scheduling.
- What happens if the system fails inspection? The installer should fix any issues at no cost to you.
Installation Crew Qualifications and Supervision
- What qualifications do your installation crews have? Look for certified electricians and experienced solar installers.
- Will a supervisor be present during installation? Proper supervision ensures quality control and safety.
- How many installations has the assigned crew completed? Experienced crews work more efficiently and make fewer mistakes.
- What safety protocols do you follow? Solar installation involves working at height and with electricity.
Site Preparation and Safety Protocols
- What site preparation is required? Understand any landscaping or structural modifications needed.
- How do you protect my property during installation? Look for measures to protect landscaping, driveways, and home exterior.
- What safety equipment and procedures do you use? Proper safety protocols protect workers and your property.
- Are workers covered by insurance during installation? Ensure adequate coverage for potential accidents or damage.
Weather Contingencies and Delays
- How does weather affect the installation schedule? Rain, snow, and high winds can delay rooftop work.
- Do you provide weather protection during installation? Ensure your home is protected if weather interrupts work.
- How do you handle seasonal scheduling challenges? Some regions have weather-limited installation seasons.
- What happens if weather causes significant delays? Understand how weather delays affect project timelines and costs.
Cleanup and Restoration Procedures
- What cleanup is included after installation? The site should be left clean and debris-free.
- How do you handle any damage to landscaping or property? Reputable companies repair any damage at no cost.
- What restoration work is included? This might include reseeding grass or touching up paint.
- Who is responsible for final cleanup inspection? Ensure someone will verify the site is properly restored.
System Design & Performance: Optimizing Your Investment
Proper system design is crucial for maximizing performance and return on investment:
Energy Production Estimates and Methodology
- How do you calculate energy production estimates? Look for detailed analysis using tools like PVWatts or similar software.
- What weather data is used in calculations? Long-term historical weather data provides more accurate estimates.
- How do you account for system losses? Real-world factors like inverter efficiency and soiling reduce theoretical production.
- What is the expected first-year production? This baseline helps evaluate actual performance.
Shading Analysis and Mitigation Strategies
- Have you performed a detailed shading analysis? Even small amounts of shade can significantly impact production.
- How will shading affect my system’s performance? Understand the impact of trees, buildings, and other obstructions.
- What options exist for minimizing shading impacts? Microinverters and power optimizers can help with shading issues.
- Should I consider tree removal or trimming? Sometimes removing obstacles makes economic sense.
System Sizing and Future Expansion Possibilities
- How did you determine the appropriate system size? Sizing should be based on your energy usage and roof space.
- Can the system be expanded in the future? Future expansion might be needed for electric vehicles or home additions.
- What would expansion cost compared to installing a larger system now? Economies of scale often favor larger initial installations.
- How would expansion affect warranties and performance guarantees? Understand how additions might impact existing coverage.
Roof Penetrations and Structural Considerations
- How many roof penetrations will be required? Fewer penetrations mean less risk of leaks.
- What waterproofing methods do you use? Proper flashing and sealants are crucial for preventing leaks.
- Do you perform structural analysis? Ensure your roof can support the additional weight.
- What happens if structural reinforcement is needed? Understand costs and responsibilities for any required upgrades.
Optimal Panel Placement and Orientation
- Why did you choose this specific panel layout? Placement should maximize production while considering aesthetics.
- What is the optimal tilt and orientation for my location? South-facing panels at proper tilt maximize production.
- How much production is lost with suboptimal orientation? East and west-facing panels produce less but may still be worthwhile.
- Can you show me alternative layout options? Different layouts might offer better aesthetics or performance.
Performance Monitoring and Troubleshooting
- How will I know if my system is performing properly? Monitoring systems should alert you to performance issues.
- What performance metrics should I track? Daily, monthly, and annual production help identify problems.
- How quickly can you respond to performance issues? Fast response times minimize production losses.
- What diagnostic tools do you use for troubleshooting? Advanced tools help identify and resolve issues quickly.
Warranty & Maintenance: Protecting Your Investment
Understanding warranty coverage and maintenance requirements is crucial for long-term satisfaction:
Equipment vs. Workmanship Warranty Differences
- What is covered under equipment warranties? Manufacturer warranties typically cover defects and performance degradation.
- What does your workmanship warranty cover? Installation warranties should cover labor and installation-related issues.
- How long do each of these warranties last? Equipment warranties are typically 10-25 years, workmanship warranties vary.
- What is not covered under warranties? Understand exclusions like damage from extreme weather or neglect.
Warranty Claim Procedures and Response Times
- How do I file a warranty claim? The process should be simple and well-documented.
- What is your typical response time for warranty issues? Fast response times minimize production losses and inconvenience.
- Who pays for diagnostic visits? Some companies charge for service calls even under warranty.
- How do you handle warranty work? In-house service teams typically provide better service than subcontractors.
Maintenance Requirements and Schedules
- What regular maintenance does the system require? Most systems need minimal maintenance, mainly cleaning and visual inspections.
- Do you offer maintenance service packages? Professional maintenance can help maintain optimal performance.
- What maintenance can I perform myself? Basic cleaning and visual inspections are typically homeowner-friendly.
- How often should the system be professionally inspected? Annual inspections can identify potential issues early.
System Cleaning and Upkeep Responsibilities
- How often do panels need cleaning? Frequency depends on local conditions like dust, pollen, and bird activity.
- What cleaning methods are recommended? Improper cleaning can damage panels or void warranties.
- Should I hire professionals for cleaning? Professional cleaning may be safer and more effective than DIY methods.
- How does soiling affect system performance? Dirty panels can lose 5-20% of their production capacity.
Warranty Transferability for Home Sales
- Are warranties transferable to new homeowners? Transferable warranties add value and appeal for home sales.
- What is the process for transferring warranties? Simple transfer processes are better for future sales.
- Are there fees for warranty transfers? Some manufacturers charge transfer fees.
- How do warranty transfers affect coverage? Ensure transferred warranties maintain full coverage.
Long-term Service and Support Availability
- Will you still be available for service in 10-20 years? Company longevity is important for long-term support.
- What happens if your company goes out of business? Look for third-party warranty insurance or industry partnerships.
- Do you have partnerships with other service providers? Partnerships can provide backup service options.
- How do you handle obsolete equipment replacement? Technology changes may require different replacement components.
Contract & Legal: Protecting Your Rights
Solar contracts are complex legal documents that define your rights and obligations:
Contract Terms and Cancellation Rights
- What are the key terms and conditions? Understand payment schedules, performance guarantees, and responsibilities.
- Do I have a right to cancel the contract? Most states provide a 3-day cooling-off period for door-to-door sales.
- What are the cancellation procedures and penalties? Understand the process and any associated costs.
- When do payments become due? Avoid companies requiring large upfront payments before work begins.
Change Order Procedures and Pricing
- How are contract changes handled? Changes should require written approval and clear pricing.
- What might require change orders? Electrical upgrades, structural modifications, or design changes are common.
- How are change order costs determined? Pricing should be fair and based on actual costs.
- Who approves change orders? Ensure you have final approval authority for any changes.
Liability and Insurance Coverage
- Who is liable for damage during installation? The installer should carry insurance covering property damage.
- What insurance coverage do you maintain? Verify general liability, workers’ compensation, and professional liability coverage.
- How are insurance claims handled? The process should be straightforward and well-documented.
- Am I covered if workers are injured on my property? Proper workers’ compensation coverage protects you from liability.
Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
- How are disputes resolved? Look for clear procedures for addressing disagreements.
- Do you require binding arbitration? Arbitration clauses may limit your legal options.
- What industry organizations can help with disputes? BBB, state licensing boards, and industry associations offer dispute resolution.
- What legal remedies are available? Understand your rights under state and federal consumer protection laws.
Performance Guarantees and Remedies
- What performance guarantees do you provide? Look for specific production guarantees with financial remedies.
- How is system performance measured? Clear measurement criteria prevent disputes.
- What remedies are available for underperformance? Options might include system modifications, additional panels, or cash payments.
- How long do performance guarantees last? Longer guarantee periods provide better protection.
Red Flags & Warning Signs to Avoid
Recognizing these warning signs can help you avoid solar scams and poor installations:
High-Pressure Sales Tactics
- “This offer expires today” – Legitimate companies don’t use artificial urgency
- Door-to-door sales with immediate signing pressure – Reputable companies encourage research and comparison
- Refusal to provide written estimates – All proposals should be detailed and in writing
- Pressure to sign before getting other quotes – Always get multiple quotes for comparison
Too-Good-to-Be-True Pricing or Promises
- Prices significantly below market rates – Extremely low prices often indicate corners being cut
- Promises of “free” solar with no explanation – Nothing is truly free; understand the real costs
- Guaranteed savings that seem unrealistic – Be skeptical of overly optimistic projections
- Claims about secret government programs – Legitimate incentives are publicly available information
Incomplete Licensing or Credentials
- Unable to provide license numbers – All contractors should be properly licensed
- Licenses from other states only – Ensure proper licensing in your state
- No NABCEP certifications – Industry certifications indicate professionalism
- Reluctance to provide insurance documentation – Proper insurance is essential
Vague Contract Terms or Verbal Promises
- Important details only discussed verbally – Everything should be in writing
- Contracts with blank spaces – All terms should be filled in before signing
- Vague language about warranties or guarantees – Terms should be specific and clear
- No clear timeline or milestones – Projects should have defined schedules
Conclusion: Making an Informed Solar Decision
Asking the right questions to ask solar companies is your best defense against scams, poor installations, and buyer’s remorse. The solar industry offers tremendous benefits for homeowners, but success depends on choosing the right company and understanding your investment thoroughly.
Remember these key principles when evaluating solar companies:
- Take your time and don’t rush decisions
- Get multiple quotes and compare them carefully
- Verify all credentials and references
- Read contracts thoroughly before signing
- Trust your instincts about sales tactics and company professionalism
The questions in this guide will help you identify reputable installers, understand your investment, and make decisions that provide decades of satisfaction and savings. Solar energy is one of the best investments you can make in your home, but only when done right.
For additional resources and tools to help with your solar journey, consider consulting the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), and your state’s energy office for the most current information about incentives and regulations in your area.